Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: from cerebral venous thrombosis to neurosurgical treatment: a case series experience from a Brazilian tertiary health care center.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a secondary cause of headache and an underdiagnosed disease. The clinical presentation can be highly variable. It typically presents with isolated classic orthostatic headache complaints, but patients can develop significant complications such as cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). OBJECTIVE: To report 3 cases of SIH diagnosis admitted and treated in a tertiary-level neurology ward. METHODS: Review of the medical files of three patients and description of clinical and surgical outcomes. RESULTS: Three female patients with SIH with a mean age of 25.6 ± 10.0 years old. The patients had orthostatic headache, and one of them presented with somnolence and diplopia because of a CVT. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ranges from normal findings to classic findings of SIH as pachymeningeal enhancement and downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils. Spine MRI showed abnormal epidural fluid collections in all cases, and computed tomography (CT) myelography could determine an identifiable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in only one patient. One patient received a conservative approach, and the other two were submitted to open surgery with laminoplasty. Both of them had uneventful recovery and remission in surgery follow-up. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis and management of SIH are still a challenge in neurology practice. We highlight in the present study severe cases of incapacitating SIH, complication with CVT, and good outcomes with neurosurgical treatment.

ANTECEDENTES: Hipotensão intracraniana espontânea (HIE) é uma causa secundária de cefaleia e uma doença subdiagnosticada. A apresentação clínica pode ser muito variável. Tipicamente, se apresenta com queixas isoladas de cefaleia ortostática clássica, porém pode evoluir com complicações significativas como trombose venosa cerebral (TVC). OBJETIVO: Relatar 3 casos de diagnóstico de hipotensão intracraniana espontânea manejados em uma enfermaria de neurologia de nível terciário. MéTODOS: Revisão dos prontuários de três pacientes e descrição dos resultados clínicos e cirúrgicos. RESULTADOS: Três pacientes do sexo feminino com média de idade de 25.6 ± 10.0 anos. As pacientes apresentavam cefaleia ortostática e uma delas apresentou sonolência e diplopia devido a TVC. A ressonância magnética (RM) do encéfalo varia de achados normais até achados clássicos de HIE como realce paquimeníngeo e deslocamento inferior das tonsilas cerebelares. A RM da coluna mostrou coleções anormais de líquido epidural em todos os casos e a mielografia por tomografia computadorizada (TC) foi capaz de determinar fístula liquórica identificável em apenas uma paciente. Uma paciente recebeu abordagem conservadora e as outras duas foram submetidas a cirurgia aberta com laminoplastia. Ambas tiveram recuperação e remissão sem intercorrências no seguimento cirúrgico. CONCLUSãO: O diagnóstico e manejo da hipotensão intracraniana ainda são desafios na prática neurológica. Destacamos no presente estudo casos graves, complicação com TVC e bons resultados com tratamento neurocirúrgico.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: from cerebral venous thrombosis to neurosurgical treatment: a case series experience from a Brazilian tertiary health care center / Hipotensão intracraniana espontânea: de trombose venosa cerebral ao tratamento cirúrgico: uma série de casos de um centro terciário de saúde brasileiro

Abstract Background Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a secondary cause of headache and an underdiagnosed disease. The clinical presentation can be highly variable. It typically presents with isolated classic orthostatic headache complaints, but patients can develop significant complications such as cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Objective To report 3 cases of SIH diagnosis admitted and treated in a tertiary-level neurology ward. Methods Review of the medical files of three patients and description of clinical and surgical outcomes. Results Three female patients with SIH with a mean age of 25.6 ± 10.0 years old. The patients had orthostatic headache, and one of them presented with somnolence and diplopia because of a CVT. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ranges from normal findings to classic findings of SIH as pachymeningeal enhancement and downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils. Spine MRI showed abnormal epidural fluid collections in all cases, and computed tomography (CT) myelography could determine an identifiable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in only one patient. One patient received a conservative approach, and the other two were submitted to open surgery with lamino-plasty. Both of them had uneventful recovery and remission in surgery follow-up. Conclusion The diagnosis and management of SIH are still a challenge in neurology practice. We highlight in the present study severe cases of incapacitating SIH, complication with CVT, and good outcomes with neurosurgical treatment.

Resumo Antecedentes Hipotensão intracraniana espontânea (HIE) é uma causa secundária de cefaleia e uma doença subdiagnosticada. A apresentação clínica pode ser muito variável. Tipicamente, se apresenta com queixas isoladas de cefaleia ortostática clássica, porém pode evoluir com complicações significativas como trombose venosa cerebral (TVC). Objetivo Relatar 3 casos de diagnóstico de hipotensão intracraniana espontânea manejados em uma enfermaria de neurologia de nível terciário. Métodos Revisão dos prontuários de três pacientes e descrição dos resultados clínicos e cirúrgicos. Resultados Três pacientes do sexo feminino com média de idade de 25.6 ± 10.0 anos. As pacientes apresentavam cefaleia ortostática e uma delas apresentou sonolência e diplopia devido a TVC. A ressonância magnética (RM) do encéfalo varia de achados normais até achados clássicos de HIE como realce paquimeníngeo e deslocamento inferior das tonsilas cerebelares. A RM da coluna mostrou coleções anormais de líquido epidural em todos os casos e a mielografia por tomografia computadorizada (TC) foi capaz de determinar fístula liquórica identificável em apenas uma paciente. Uma paciente recebeu abordagem conservadora e as outras duas foram submetidas a cirurgia aberta com laminoplastia. Ambas tiveram recuperação e remissão sem intercorrências no seguimento cirúrgico. Conclusão O diagnóstico e manejo da hipotensão intracraniana ainda são desafios na prática neurológica. Destacamos no presente estudo casos graves, complicação com TVC e bons resultados com tratamento neurocirúrgico.

The impact of traumatic herniated discs in cervical facets dislocations treatments: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic facet dislocations in the subaxial cervical spine, also known as locked facets, are commonly associated with neurological deficits. The fear of the presence of an associated traumatic disc herniation and consequent neurological worsening usually causes a delay in the spinal realignment. This study's aim is an analysis of safety and efficacy when treating acute cervical traumatic facet dislocations using cranial-cervical traction or posterior open reduction and fixation in the presence of disc herniations. METHODS: Inclusion criteria addressed the following patient groups: (1) MRI diagnosis of traumatic cervical facet dislocations with disc herniation, (2) intervention: either cranial-cervical traction or posterior open reduction and fixation, (4) neurological outcomes after treatment, (5) adult 18 plus years of age, (6) sample sizes greater than 20 patients, (7) English language publication. The following databases and search tools were analyzed: MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Google Scholar, and the clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov), October 2021. RESULTS: Six studies were found, 2 with posterior open reduction and fixation and 4 with cranial-cervical traction, totalizing 197 patients. Neurological worsening was reported only in 1 case (0.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Traumatic disc herniation in cervical facet dislocations is not an absolute contraindication of cranial-cervical traction or posterior open reduction. Early realignment of the spine could bring more neurological benefits than waiting for an MRI or surgical discectomy. However, caution is needed in this review's data interpretation until prospective and well-designed studies are performed.

Effect of time until decompression on neurologic recovery after spinal cord injury / Efeito do tempo até descompressão na recuperação neurológica após traumatismo raquimedular / Efecto del tiempo de descompresión en la recuperación neurológica después de lesión medular

ABSTRACT Spinal cord injuries can have serious consequences for the individual, such as loss of motor function, sensory impairment, and alteration of physiological systems functions. Treatments for spinal cord injuries involve the use of drugs and surgical approaches. In the surgical field, there is a question about the ideal time after the trauma to perform the surgical procedure. The studies divide the time until surgery after the injury into two categories: "early" and "late". To review the scientific literature on this topic, and to assess the relative effectiveness of early versus late decompressive surgery, we considered early intervention up to 24 hours and late intervention from 24 hours after the injury. For this, we performed a literature review and selected retrospective, prospective observational studies, clinical studies, and reviews with meta-analysis that compared the recovery time of patients with spinal cord injury after surgeries performed within 24 hours (early) and after 24 hours (late). The results showed potential for neurological improvement with early or even ultra-early surgical decompression (up to 12 hours) in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. On the other hand, reports about the advantage of early decompression when there is a thoracic injury are scarce. In addition to the time to decompression, the concomitant use of some drugs seems to play an important role in patients' recovery. Level of Evidence II; Literature review.

RESUMO: Lesões na medula espinhal podem gerar sérias consequências para o indivíduo, como perda de função motora, prejuízo sensorial e alteração de funções de sistemas fisiológicos. Os tratamentos para lesões na medula espinhal envolvem o uso de fármacos e abordagens cirúrgicas. No âmbito cirúrgico, há o questionamento sobre qual o tempo ideal após o traumatismo para realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. Os trabalhos dividem em duas categorias o tempo até a realização da cirurgia após a lesão: "precoce" e "tardio". Com a finalidade de revisar a literatura científica sobre esse tema, a fim de avaliar a eficácia relativa da cirurgia descompressiva precoce versus tardia, consideramos a intervenção precoce até 24 horas e a tardia a partir de 24 horas da injúria. Para isto realizamos uma revisão da literatura e selecionamos estudos observacionais retrospectivos, prospectivos, estudos clínicos e revisões com meta-análise que comparavam o tempo de recuperação de pacientes com lesão medular após cirurgias realizadas em até 24 horas (precoce) e após 24 horas (tardio). Os resultados demonstraram potencial de melhora neurológica com a descompressão cirúrgica precoce ou até ultraprecoce (até 12 horas) em pacientes com lesão medular traumática cervical. Por outro lado, relatos acerca da vantagem da descompressão precoce quando há uma lesão torácica são escassos. Além do tempo até a descompressão, o uso concomitante de alguns fármacos parece ter um importante papel na recuperação dos pacientes. Nível de evidência II; Revisão de literatura.

RESUMEN: Las lesiones de la médula espinal pueden tener consecuencias graves para el individuo, como pérdida de función motora, deterioro sensorial y alteración de funciones de los sistemas fisiológicos. Los tratamientos para las lesiones de médula espinal involucran uso de medicinas y enfoques quirúrgicos. En el campo quirúrgico, existe la duda sobre el momento exacto después del traumatismo para realizar lo procedimiento quirúrgico. Los estudios dividen el tiempo hasta la cirugía después de la lesión en dos categorías: "temprano" y "tardío". Con el fin de revisar la literatura científica sobre este tema, y con el fin de evaluar la efectividad relativa de la descompresión quirúrgica temprana frente a la tardía, se consideró la intervención temprana hasta las 24 horas y la intervención tardía a partir de las 24 horas después de la lesión. Para ello, efectuamos una revisión bibliográfica y seleccionamos estudios retrospectivos, prospectivos observacionales, estudios clínicos y revisiones con metaanálisis que compararon el tiempo de recuperación de pacientes con lesión medular con cirugías realizadas en 24 horas (temprano) y a las 24 horas (tardía). Los resultados presentaron potencial para la mejora neurológica con descompresión quirúrgica temprana o incluso ultra temprana (hasta 12 horas) en pacientes con lesión traumática de la médula espinal cervical. Por otro lado, son escasos reportes sobre la ventaja de descompresión temprana cuando existe una lesión torácica. Además del tiempo de descompresión, el uso concomitante de algunos fármacos parece jugar un papel importante en la recuperación de los pacientes. Nivel de Evidencia II; Revisión de literatura.

Review of best classification systems for diagnosing and treating thoracolumbar spine trauma.

BACKGROUND: Improved thoracolumbar spine trauma classification (TLSTC) systems can better help diagnose and treat thoracolumbar spine trauma (TLT). Here, we identified the types of injury (rationale and description), instability criteria, and treatment guidelines of TLSTC. METHODS: We used the PubMed/MEDLINE database to assess TLSTC according to the following variables: injury morphology, injury mechanism, spinal instability criteria, neurological status, and treatment guidelines. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies, 18 case series and three reviews were included in the study. Treatment guidelines were proposed in 16 studies. The following three major parameters were identified in TLSTC studies: injury morphology (19/21 studies), posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) disruption alone as the main spinal instability criterion (15 studies), and neurological damage (12 studies). Most classification systems neglected the severity of vertebral body comminution. CONCLUSION: We identified here the 3 main parameters for the evaluation of diagnosis and treatment of TLT: injury morphology, PLC disruption, and neurological damage. Based on our review, we may conclude that further clinical validation studies of TLSTC are warranted.

Minimally invasive lumbar arthrodesis and percutaneous pedicle screws: a systematic review / Artrodese lombar minimamente invasiva e parafusos pediculares percutâneos: revisão sistemática / Artrodesis lumbar mínimamente invasiva y tornillos pediculares percutáneos: revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT A systematic review of the literature was performed in order to organize, evaluate, and select evidences available about the safety and efficacy of minimally invasive percutaneous arthrodesis with percutaneous pedicle screws in the treatment of patients with degenerative disc disease (and other spinal pathologies) as compared to conventional arthrodesis. PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were consulted to locate clinical trials and case reports/case series published in English between 2014 and 2019. After selection according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 21 of the 197 articles identified were chosen for a complete reading and used for the present review. Although the level of evidence of most of the studies included made the demonstration of efficacy and superiority among the surgical techniques reviewed difficult, the findings related to the minimally invasive procedure indicate a safe and reliable approach for the treatment of lumbar diseases. Level of evidence II; Systematic review of literature.

RESUMO A revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada com o objetivo de organizar, avaliar e selecionar evidências a respeito da segurança e eficácia da artrodese percutânea minimamente invasiva com parafusos pediculares percutâneos no tratamento de pacientes com doença degenerativa de disco (e outras patologias da coluna), em comparação com a artrodese convencional. Foram consultadas as bases de dados PubMed, EMBASE e Biblioteca Cochrane para localizar ensaios clínicos e relatos/séries de casos publicados em inglês entre 2014 e 2019. Dentre 197 estudos identificados, depois de seleção usando critérios de inclusão/exclusão, 21 artigos foram escolhidos para leitura na íntegra e usados na presente revisão. Apesar do nível de evidência da maioria dos estudos incluídos dificultar a demonstração de eficácia e superioridade entre as técnicas cirúrgicas revisadas, os achados referentes ao procedimento minimamente invasivo apontam para uma abordagem segura e confiável para o tratamento de doenças lombares. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemática da literatura.

RESUMEN La revisión sistemática de la literatura fue realizada con el objetivo de organizar, evaluar y seleccionar evidencias al respecto de la seguridad y eficacia de la artrodesis percutánea mínimamente invasiva con tornillos pediculares en el tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedad degenerativa de disco (y otras patologías de la columna) en comparación con la artrodesis convencional. Fueron consultadas las bases de datos PubMed, EMBASE y Biblioteca Cochrane para localizar ensayos clínicos y relatos/series de casos publicados en inglés entre 2014 y 2019. Entre 197 estudios identificados, después de selección usando criterios de inclusión/exclusión, fueron escogidos 21 artículos para lectura integral y usados en la presente revisión. A pesar de que el nivel de evidencia de la mayoría de los estudios incluidos dificulte la demostración de eficacia y superioridad entre las técnicas quirúrgicas revisadas, los hallazgos referentes al procedimiento mínimamente invasivo apuntan hacia un abordaje seguro y confiable para el tratamiento de enfermedades lumbares. Nivel de evidencia II; Revisión sistemática de la literatura.

The natural history of patients with acute disc herniation: a series of 150 cases / A história natural de pacientes com herniação discal aguda: uma série de 150 casos / La historia natural de pacientes con herniación discal aguda: una serie de 150 casos

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to analyze the characteristics of patients with acute lumbar/sciatic disc herniation who underwent conservative, pain block procedures and surgical treatment, in order to better understand the natural history of herniations and their surgical indications, as well as the impact of hernia volume. Methods We analyzed 150 patients with a diagnosis of acute lumbar disc herniation. The treatments considered were: conservative, infiltration/pain block procedures and microdiscectomy. For seven patients who were surgically treated, the lumbar sequestrectomy volume was submitted to pathological analysis. Results Of the 150 patients, 80% were treated conservatively; 15.31% were treated with pain block procedures and 4.66% underwent microdiscectomy. The mean age of the surgical group was 42.5 years, and 57.1% of the patients were men. Most of the hernias were at L5-S1 (55.5%), and 77.7% were on the left side. All patients had presented significant lumbar pain or sciatica for a long period prior to the surgery. The Lasègue sign was present in all patients. Of the total number of patients, 85.7% presented hypoesthesia and 42.8% presented focal motor deficits, among other findings. The mean hernia volume was 9.6 cm3. Conclusions Unresponsiveness to conservative treatment is an important indication for surgery. The clinical manifestations in patients with a lumbar/sciatic hernia can be very diverse, as can the disc herniation volume, so these are not good indicators for surgery. Level of evidence IV; Case series

RESUMO Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as características dos pacientes com hérnia de disco lombar/ciática aguda que passaram por procedimentos conservadores, procedimentos de bloqueio de dor e tratamento cirúrgico, a fim de melhor entender a história natural das hérnias e suas indicações cirúrgicas, assim como o impacto do volume da hérnia. Métodos Analisamos 150 pacientes diagnosticados com hérnia de disco lombar aguda. Os tratamentos considerados foram: tratamento conservador, procedimentos para bloqueio da dor/infiltração e microdiscectomia. Para sete pacientes tratados cirurgicamente, o volume de sequestrectomia lombar foi enviado para análise patológica. Resultados Dos 150 pacientes analisados, 80% foram tratados de modo conservador, 15,31% com procedimentos de bloqueio da dor e 4,66% com microdiscectomia. A idade média do grupo submetido à cirurgia foi 42,5 anos, sendo que 57,1% dos pacientes eram homens. A maior parte das hérnias estavam localizadas em L5-S1 (55,5%) e 77,7% das hérnias estavam no lado esquerdo. Todos os pacientes apresentaram significativa dor lombar ou ciática por um longo período antes da cirurgia. O sinal de Lasègue estava presente em todos pacientes. Do número total de pacientes, 85,7% apresentaram hipoestesia e 42,8% apresentaram déficits motores focais, entre outros achados. O volume médio das hérnias foi 9,6 cm3. Conclusões A falta de resposta ao tratamento conservador é uma importante indicação para cirurgia. As manifestações clínicas dos pacientes com hérnia lombar/ciática podem ser muito diversas, assim como o volume da hérnia de disco, portanto, esses não são bons indicadores para cirurgia. Nível de evidência IV; Série de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las características de los pacientes con hernia de disco lumbar/ciática aguda que pasaron por procedimientos conservadores, procedimientos de bloqueo de dolor y tratamiento quirúrgico, a fin de entender mejor la historia natural de las hernias y sus indicaciones quirúrgicas, así como el impacto del volumen de la hernia. Métodos Analizamos a 150 pacientes diagnosticados con hernia de disco lumbar aguda. Los tratamientos considerados fueron: conservador, procedimientos para bloqueo de dolor/infiltraci ón y microdiscectom ía . Para siete pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente, el volumen de secuestrectomía lumbar fue enviado para análisis patológico. Resultados De los 150 pacientes analizados, 80% fue tratado de modo conservador, 15,31% con procedimientos de bloqueo de dolor y 4,66% con microdiscectomía. La edad promedio del grupo sometido a cirugía fue de 42,5 años, siendo que 57,1% de los pacientes eran hombres. La mayor parte de las hernias estaban localizadas en L5-S1 (55,5%) y 77,7% de las hernias estaban en el lado izquierdo. Todos los pacientes presentaron dolor lumbar o ciático significativo por un largo período antes de la cirugía. La señal de Lasègue estaba presente en todos los pacientes. Del número total de pacientes, 85,7% de los pacientes present ó hipostesia y 42,8% present ó déficit s motores focales, entre otros hallazgos. El volumen promedio de las hernias fue de 9,6 cm3. Conclusiones La falta de respuesta al tratamiento conservador es una importante indicación para la cirugía. Las manifestaciones clínicas de los pacientes con hernia lumbar/ciática pueden ser muy diversas, así como el volumen de la hernia de disco, por lo tanto, é stos no son buenos indicadores para cirugía. Nivel de evidencia IV; Serie de casos.

Idiopathic Ventral Spinal Cord Herniation: Video Report and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic ventral spinal cord herniation (ISCH) is a rare disease; however, it is an important differential diagnosis. Its treatment presents some controversies. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report on a 55-year-old woman who had been presenting with relevant back pain and leg weakness for the past 3 years and urinary incontinence for the past 3 months. Clinical examination disclosed paresis on the right inferior limb and right foot, as well as a T6-level painful hypoesthesia. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a T4/T5 ISCH. The patient underwent surgical decompression. During the procedure, we opened the arachnoid and cut the dentate ligaments of the spine, which considerably improved the mobility and safety of the procedure. In the early follow-up, our patient presented a partial improvement regarding the paresis grades and hypoesthesia pain relief on the left side. A video showing the surgical procedure and case evolution is presented. We also assembled literature reviews to compare our case with others. ISCH is becoming a more recognized cause of progressive thoracic myelopathy. However, this condition is still frequently misdiagnosed. Magnetic resonance imaging is the key for diagnosis. The objective of surgical treatment is to prevent myelopathy progression. The technique presented in this report is an appropriate surgical option, once it is a safer way to identify and treat the defect. The neurologic condition usually improves greatly after surgical treatment, especially when the patient presents positive predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS: ISCH is being more recognized. The technique presented is an appropriate surgical option.

The effect of filum terminale sectioning for Chiari 1 malformation treatment: systematic review.

PURPOSE: Symptomatic Chiari type I malformation (CM) is treated with posterior fossa decompression with/ without duroplasty. Few authors suggested cerebellar tonsil caudal migration due to a supposed "caudal traction" of cranial nerve structures in a so-called occult tethered cord syndrome. For these authors, filum terminale (FT) sectioning may improve CM symptoms. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effect of FT sectioning on the treatment of CM. METHODS: Using the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, we reviewed studies to evaluate patient's outcomes with CM who underwent FT sectioning. The MINORS instrument was used for methodological quality assessment. The included studies' levels of evidence (LOE) were classified according to the Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS: Two studies from the same group of authors were included. We cannot assure if the cited cases in the first study were also included in their latter published study. The described results suggest that outcomes were not collected in a standardized fashion. Outcomes are described vaguely as a percentage of improvement. Case series samples were small and included not only patients with CM but also patients with scoliosis and syringomyelia. The MINORS score reported that both studies had low methodological quality. Both included studies were classified as level 4 of evidence. CONCLUSION: There is no scientific support for filum terminale sectioning in patients with CM without evidence of tethered cord. This procedure may be considered experimental and should be validated in a strict criterion of inclusion clinical trial comparing outcomes in posterior fossa decompression.

Correlation Between Different Interbody Grafts and Pseudarthrosis After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Compared with Control Group: Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Cervical spine degenerative disease is one of the main causes of myelopathy. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is the most common surgical procedure used to treat cervical myelopathy. Therefore, it is important to study pseudarthrosis rates after ACDF and correlate them with the graft used. METHODS: We performed a systematic review to evaluate the relationship between pseudarthrosis after ACDF and the interbody graft used. RESULTS: A total of 3732 patients were evaluated in 46 studies. The mean age of the included patients was 51.5 ± 4.18 years (range, 42-59.6 years). ACDF is most often perforemd as single-level surgery and the level most impaired is C5-C6. The use of titanium cages, zero profile, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2, and carbon cages was seen as a protective factor for pseudarthrosis compared with the autograft group (control group); with an odds ratio of 0.29, 0.51, 0.03, and 0.3, respectively; the results were statistically relevant. The use of polyetheretherketone, poly(methyl methacrylate), and trabecular metal was a risk factor for development of pseudarthrosis compared with the control group, with an odds ratio of 1.7, 8.7, and 6.8, respectively; the results were statistically relevant. Radiologic follow-up was an important factor for the pseudarthrosis rate; paradoxically, a short follow-up (<1 year) had lower rates of pseudarthrosis and follow-up >2 years increased the chance of finding pseudarthrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Different types of grafts lead to a significant difference in pseudarthrosis rates. Follow-up time is also an important factor that affects the rate of pseudarthrosis after ACDF.

Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic literature review was to evaluate if intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) can prevent neurological injury during spinal operative surgical procedures. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: IONM seems to have presumable positive effects in identifying neurological deficits. However, the role of IONM in the decrease of new neurological deficits remains unclear. METHODS: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews and Meta-analysis, we reviewed clinical comparative studies who evaluate the rate of new neurological events in patients who had a spinal surgery with and without IONM. Studies were then classified according to their level of evidence. Methodological quality was assessed according to methodological index for non-randomized studies instrument. RESULTS: Six studies were evaluated comparing neurological events with and without IONM use by the random effects model. There was a great statistical heterogeneity. The pooled odds ratio (OR) was 0.72 {0.71; 1.79}, P = 0.4584. A specific analysis was done for two studies reporting the results of IONM for spinal surgery of intramedullary lesions. The OR was 0.1993 (0.0384; 1.0350), P = 0.0550. CONCLUSION: IONM did not result into fewer neurological events with the obtained evidence of the included studies. For intramedullary lesions, there was a trend to fewer neurological events in patients who underwent surgery with IONM. Further prospective randomized studies are necessary to clarify the indications of IONM in spinal surgeries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

Mobile cauda equina schwannomas: How to deal with this rare event and avoid surgical complications.

BACKGROUND: Mobile schwannomas of the cauda equina are rare. Preoperative planning should take into consideration the possibility of tumor migration, avoiding unnecessary additional laminectomy or second operation. CASE DESCRIPTION: A patient with a previously known lumbar schwannoma was being managed conservatively until symptoms exacerbated and led to a new MR. When this study revealed caudal migration of the schwannoma from L3 to the L4-L5 levels, a right hemilaminectomy was performed for tumor resection. CONCLUSION: Great care must be taken in the surgical resection of schwannomas as they may migrate from their initial location.

Spinal thoracic extradural angiolipoma manifesting as acute onset of paraparesis: Case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Angiolipomas are benign tumors most commonly found in the thoracic spine. They are composed of mature adipocytes and abnormal vascular elements that usually present with a slowly progressive course of neurological deterioration. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 35-year-old female, with a prior history of back pain, acutely developed paraparesis. When the thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a dorsal epidural mass at the T3-T5 level, she underwent a laminectomy for gross total excision of the lesion that proved to be an angiolipoma. On the second postoperative day, the patient was again able to ambulate. CONCLUSION: The angiolipomas of spine are rare causes of spinal cord compression, and those presenting with acute neurological deficits should be immediately treated.

Thoracic disc herniation: case series and protocol for surgical approaches / Hérnia de disco torácico: série de casos e protocolo de via de acesso cirúrgico / Hernia de disco torácico: serie de casos y protocolo de acceso quirúrgico

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the surgical results of a prospective series of five patients operated according to an approach indication protocol. Methods: Patients were classified according to surgical risk: Group A (high risk) or B (low risk) and subsequently into subgroups according to characteristics of the herniation and ultimately the surgical approach was defined: A.1) calcified central herniations - thoracoscopy; A.2) soft lateral herniations - posterolateral approach; A.3) centrolateral herniations - partial calcification in lateral position - posterolateral approach; higher density central calcification - thoracoscopy; B.1) central or centrolateral calcified herniations - thoracotomy or thoracoscopy; B.2) soft lateral herniations - posterolateral approach. Results: The duration of symptoms ranged from 2 months to 3 years; the age bracket was from 37 to 58 years; sex distribution was 3 female and 2 male patients and the length of hospital stay ranged from 2 to 20 days. The most affected level was T11/12. A patient classified as Group A.3 underwent posterolateral approach. The remaining patients were Group B.1, 3 submitted to thoracotomy and 1 to thoracoscopy. The herniation removal was completed in 5 cases; 3 patients improved and 2 remained stable. The morbidity and the recovery time were higher in patients who underwent anterolateral approaches. Conclusions: Classify patients according to surgical risk and the anatomical characteristics of disc herniation allows for complete decompression, minimizing morbidity and mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os resultados cirúrgicos de uma série prospectiva de cinco casos, operados segundo um protocolo de indicação de vias de acesso. Métodos: Os pacientes foram classificados conforme o risco cirúrgico: Grupo A (alto risco) ou B (baixo risco); posteriormente, foram divididos em subgrupos, conforme características da herniação e, por fim, definiu-se a via de acesso cirúrgico: A.1) hérnias centrais calcificadas - toracoscopia; A.2) hérnias laterais moles - via posterolateral; A.3) hérnias centrolaterais - calcificações parciais de posição lateral - via posterolateral; calcificação de maior densidade e central - toracoscopia; B.1) hérnias centrais ou centrolaterais calcificadas - toracotomia ou toracoscopia; B.2) hérnias laterais moles - via posterolateral. Resultados: A duração dos sintomas variou de dois meses a três anos; a faixa etária foi de 37 a 58 anos; a distribuição por sexo foi de três pacientes do sexo feminino e dois do sexo masculino e o tempo de internação variou de dois a 20 dias. O nível mais acometido foi T11/12. Um paciente classificado como Grupo A.3 foi submetido à via posterolateral. Os demais pacientes foram Grupo B.1, três submetidos à toracotomia e um à toracoscopia. A remoção da herniação foi completa nos cinco casos; três pacientes melhoraram e dois permaneceram estáveis. A morbidade e o tempo de recuperação foram maiores nos pacientes submetidos às vias anterolaterais. Conclusões: Classificar pacientes de acordo com o risco cirúrgico e as particularidades anatômicas da herniação discal permite obter descompressão completa, minimizando a morbidade e a mortalidade.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir los resultados quirúrgicos de una serie prospectiva de 5 casos utilizando un protocolo de indicación de las vías de acceso. Métodos: Los pacientes fueron clasificados de acuerdo con el riesgo quirúrgico: Grupo A (alto riesgo) o B (bajo riesgo); luego se dividieron en subgrupos según las características de la hernia y, finalmente, se definió la vía de abordaje quirúrgico: A.1) hernias centrales calcificadas - toracoscopía; A.2) hernias laterales blandas - vía posterolateral; A.3) hernias centrolaterales - calcificaciones parciales en posición lateral - vía posterolateral; calcificación más densa y central - toracoscopía; B.1) hernias centrales o centrolaterales calcificadas - toracotomía o toracoscopía; B.2) hernias laterales blandas - vía posterolateral. Resultados: La duración de los síntomas fue de 2 meses a 3 años, el rango de edad fue de 37-58 años, la distribución por sexo fue 3 mujeres y 2 hombres y la duración de la estancia hospitalaria varió de 2 a 20 días. El nivel más afectado fue el T11/12. Un paciente clasificado como Grupo A.3 se sometió a la vía posterolateral. Los demás pacientes fueron del grupo B.1, con 3 sometidos a toracotomía y uno a toracoscopía. La eliminación de la hernia fue completa en 5 casos; 3 pacientes mejoraron y 2 se mantuvieron estables. La morbilidad y el tiempo de la recuperación fueron mayores en pacientes operados por la vía anterolateral. Conclusiones: Clasificar a los pacientes según el riesgo quirúrgico y las características anatómicas de la hernia de disco, permite la descompresión completa, lo que reduce al mínimo la morbilidad y la mortalidad.

Clinical and laboratorial characterization and post-surgical follow-up of 87 patients with non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas.

OBJECTIVE: It was to assess the main characteristics of patients undergoing pituitary tumor surgery. METHOD: Eighty-seven patients (44 men; 44.8±13 years old) were included. RESULTS: The main symptoms were visual alterations (87.3%), headache (70.1%), diminished libido (34.4%), galactorrhea (22.9%) and hair loss (19.5%). The axes affected were gonadotropic (72.6%), thyrotropic (48.4%) and corticotropic (38.7%), without significant changes after surgery. The average largest tumor diameter was 3.1 cm before surgery and 1.56 cm after surgery. The most frequent postoperative complications were hydro-electrolyte and acid-base disorders (12%), diabetes insipidus (9%), visual field alterations (9%), liquoric fistula (8%) and nasal obstruction (7%). The patients were affected by more than one complication. CONCLUSION: Although a decrease in tumor volume was achieved through surgery, hormonal deficiencies persisted in most of the patients and new surgical approaches were necessary for dealing with tumor recurrence or persistence.